if / else if / else

int score = 72;
if (score >= 70) {
    cout << "First Class" << endl;
} else if (score >= 60) {
    cout << "Second Class Upper" << endl;
} else {
    cout << "Keep practicing" << endl;
}

C++ uses { } to group more than one statement inside a branch -- a single statement needs no braces at all.

for loops

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
    cout << i << endl;
}

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) runs with i = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 -- 5 iterations, stopping as soon as i < 5 becomes false.

while loops

int count = 0;
while (count < 3) {
    cout << count << endl;
    count = count + 1;
}

break and continue

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
    if (i == 5) break;        // exits the loop entirely
    if (i % 2 == 0) continue; // skips to the next iteration
    cout << i << endl;
}

Why This Matters for Your Exams

A C++ for loop's condition is checked BEFORE each iteration, including the first -- so for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) never runs at all if the starting condition is already false. Off-by-one errors here usually come from miscounting whether the final value is included.

Try it yourself